January 05, 2013 journal, from a different perspective based on scientific facts of all our existence from God creation to everlastinglife or death according to our own choosing. "Some people in society havebeen under the false impression that the only differences between the humanraces is that of skin colour - a belief which is patently untrue. The races, orsub-species, of mankind have evolved over many thousands of years????, and - aswith sub-species of non-human species - they evolved in different ways, causingmany differences: some physical, some mental, some readily apparent, and somenot so obvious. Many Multiculturalists even deny that races themselves exist,despite the overwhelming evidence to the contrary.[1] Scientists across theworld have been discovering more and more differences between the races, andfor the political orthodoxy of Multiculturalism to deny these differences is asridiculous as the medieval religious orthodoxy denying that the Earth revolvesaround the Sun. Various racial differences" There are some very obviousphysical differences between the races, that are readily observable:[2]Europeans (Europids or Occidentals) commonly have light skin colour, angularelongated noses, and "round" shaped eyes. East Asians (Mongolids orOrientals) commonly have a "yellowish" (darkish) skin colour, and"almond" shaped eyes with an epicanthic fold. Africans (Negrids orNegroes) commonly have a very dark skin colour, thick lips, "wooly"hair, and broad "flat" noses. There are also some not so obviousphysical differences between the races, such as:[3] Europeans commonly retainthe metopic suture of the skull. East Asians commonly have a lack of axillarysmell. Africans commonly have a narrow pelvis. Whilst skin colour is one of themost obvious differences between the races, it is by no means the primarydifference. Indeed, albino Negroes look like light-skinned Negroes rather thanlooking like Europeans, similar to the fact that golden Labrador dogs look likeblack Labrador dogs rather than looking like any other race of dogs. Thedifferences between the races of mankind is a complex subject, and can be quiteinteresting when studied in detail. The differences given herein are merelysome common differences. Professor J. Philippe Rushton, author of Race,Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective, makes several interestingpoints: The view that race is only a social construct is contradicted bybiological evidence. Along with blood protein and DNA data, ... forensicscientists are able to classify skulls by race. Narrow nasal passages and ashort distance between eye sockets mark a Caucasian, distinct cheekbonesidentify a Mongoloid and nasal openings shaped like an upside down heart typifya Negroid (Ubelaker & Scammell, 1992). Of course it is simplified to divideall the world's peoples into just three major races. This ignores"Negritoes" and "Australoids," but also subdivisions withinthe macro races. Within the Mongoloid population distinctions might be drawnbetween east Asians like the Sino-Japanese and Koreans, and Amerindians andsouth Asians like the Filipinos and Malays. Similarly, the classification"Negroid" includes Bantu-speaking Africans, pygmies, Khoisan bushmen,and the socially classifiable blacks in the Americas who are hybridized withwhites and Amerindians (in the United States by about 25 percent, Chakrabortyet al., 1992). Caucasoids include Europeans, Middle Easterners, and members ofthe Indian subcontinent. It is unclear where still other groups belong. Are PolynesiansCaucasian, Mongoloid, or some degree of admixture between them?[4] Race is asimple concept, and yet can also be a complicated one. Races are the divisionsof mankind, and they can be discerned to have their own sub-divisions. There isno doubt that there has been some intermixture between the races over the lastfew thousand years, especially in the last one hundred years, with the adventof widespread and easily accessible inter-continental transportation. Ofcourse, the racial intermixture of some individuals into other racial genepools consisting of millions of people does not negate the concept of race.After many generations, the dilution of such outsider genes are negligible inthe overall scheme of things. Indeed, the intermixture of an element ofproto-humans with proto-chimpanzees does not mean that the descendants of thatintermixture are not humans, just as a handful of dirt mixed into a tin ofpaint does not render that mix as "not paint". James Mallet, ageneticist at University College London, has noted that even the idea ofspecies can be "kind of fuzzy", although firming over time. In thesame way, the idea of sub-species, or races, can also have "greyareas"; indeed, widespread intermixture can lead to large-scale racialchanges, such as can be seen in India, but - once again - this does not negatethe concept of race, but rather provides interesting case studies of thehistoric and anthropological outcomes of racial intermixture.[5] The study ofracial differences is a fascinating and complex scientific endeavour, andpromises much in terms of understanding the human condition. Professor AndrewFraser also makes several pertinent points regarding race: Modern science hasconfirmed that race is not merely a "social construct." Despite themyth of equality, race is not merely skin deep. There are significantdifferences between racial groups in cognitive and athletic ability, behaviourand temperament. ... there are substantial differences between the average IQlevels of sub-Saharan Africans on the one hand and white Europeans on the otherwith Africans at the lower end of the scale. ... if one values athletic andcertain sorts of musical ability, for example, black Africans clearly have anedge over both Europeans and East Asians. Similarly, when it comes to the issueof crime ... violent criminals, whatever their race, tend to be people with lowIQ and poor impulse control. It follows that, if persons of low IQ and poorimpulse control are over-represented within a particular racial group, no oneshould be surprised if that group, as a whole, is over-represented, as well,among people engaging in violent criminal behaviour.[6] Professor Rushton hasemphasised two caveats regarding his research into racial differences: First,because there is enormous variability within each population and because thepopulation distributions overlap, it is always problematic to generalize from agroup average to any particular individual. Secondly, because genetic effortsare necessarily mediated by neurohormonal and psychosocial mechanisms, manyopportunities exist for intervention and the alleviation of suffering.[7]Various racial difference-Various racial differences are noted below, mostlygiven as direct quotations: mDNA shows ancestry DNA samples can now be testedto determine the race of people, and even their racial mix. These tests havebeen used by the police to help identify criminals. A published report saysinvestigators in the Louisiana serial killings used the Sarasota firm'sgenetics test. Authorities arrested Derrick T. Lee in Atlanta last week inconnection with the killings of at least five southern Louisiana women sinceSeptember 2001, as well as two earlier slayings. ... Mark Shriver, an assistantprofessor of anthropology and genetics at Pennsylvania State University, toldThe New York Times in a story published Tuesday that investigators used thetest. Shriver, who collaborated on the development of DNAPrint's ANCESTRYbyDNA2.0, said its findings caused them to shift their focus away from whitesuspects. An analysis of tissue from one of the crime scenes determined thatthe killer was probably black. ... investigators had been searching for a whiteman based on profiling information suggesting that most serial killers arewhite. The Times reported that one of the DNA samples sent by police to theSarasota research company was linked to the suspect. Analysis showed it camefrom a person who has 85 percent African ancestry and 15 percent AmericanIndian. Lee, 34, is black. Shriver told the Times he didn't know whether Leehad any Indian ancestors. ... The ANCESTRY test distinguishes within a fewpercentage points to what extent a person is of European, American Indian,African, Asian or Pacific Islander heritage. Frudakis said the test now isbeing used by about 10 law enforcement agencies, primarily in the Southeast.... Experts have long recognized that as knowledge of the human genomeadvances, other information could be extracted from DNA samples, includingphysical traits like race.[8] DNA Witness, a DNA test that determines anindividual's ancestral proportions, was strategically employed in theinvestigation of the Trail Side Murder Case in Concord, CA. Detectives used theDNA Witness test to obtain physical information about the suspect. This alloweddetectives to focus on high value leads related to the suspect. On September26, Concord police announced the arrest of a suspect in the May 13, 2003slaying of Kathleen Aiello Loreck. The DNA Witness analysis was completed inmid-August. According to detectives, using DNA Witness allowed them to narrowtheir investigation and re-weigh the value of certain leads based on theinformation provided by the test, revealing the suspect's ancestry. ... DNAWitness is the world's first forensic test to measure the ancestry of anindividual from his DNA.[9] Newborn babies-A study of behavior of newborns ...found interesting racial differences even though the births were in the samehospital from women who received the same pre-natal care. Chinese newborns wentto sleep in more or less any position in which they were put down, while whitesturned their heads to a more comfortable position. White newborns cried moreeasily than Chinese and were are harder to console. The most strikingdifference, however, was in what is called "defensive reaction." Thisinvolves putting a cloth over a baby's nose and forcing it to breathe throughits mouth. White and black babies immediately turned their heads or tried topush the cloth away, whereas Chinese babies lay quietly breathing through theirmouths. Navajo newborns have since been found to behave like Chinese newborns,which is not surprising given their lineage.[10] Gestation periods-In theUnited States, black babies have a shorter gestation period than white babies.By week 39, 51 percent of black children have been born while the figure forwhite children is 33 percent; by week 40, the figures are 70 and 55 percentrespectively (Niswander & Gordon, 1972). Similar results have been obtainedin Paris. Collating data over several years, Papiernik, Cohen, Richard, de Oca,and Feingold (1986) found that French women of European ancestry had longerpregnancies than those of mixed black-white ancestry from the French Antilles,or black African women with no European admixture. These differences persistedafter adjustments for socioeconomic status. Other observations, made withinequivalent gestational age groups established by ultrasonography, find thatblack babies are physiologically more mature than white babies as measured bypulmonary function, amniotic fluid, fetal birth weight between 24 and 36 weeksof gestation, and weight-specific neonatal mortality.[11] Maturation rates-Itis widely known that black babies tend to be born smaller than white -babiesbut that black babies develop more rapidly in coordination and motor skills.Pygmies have been reported to mature especially quickly; babies sometimes walkand even run at six months of age, a developmental milestone reached on averageby Caucasians at age 12 months. Our nearest non-human relatives, the apes,mature in motor skills considerably more quickly than any human group. Comparedto whites, African-Americans are born earlier and smaller, but they mature morequickly. Blacks have more lean body mass than whites, and they soon grow tallerand heavier than whites. Black children begin their growth spurts two to asmuch as five years earlier than white children. Young black males outpacewhites in muscle mass by age seven. By about age 12, when white boys are beginningtheir growth spurt, black boys are already much more physically developed. Forgirls, the growth spurt begins about age six for black girls but not until ageeight or nine for white girls. Also black children mature sexually about threeyears sooner than white children. There are differences in hormones, bodycomposition, bones, brains,developmental rates, and these differences persistin adulthood. These are all biological realities of race that have manyconsequences for society.[12] Blacks reach sexual maturity sooner than whites,who reach it sooner than Asians. By age twelve, 19 percent of American blackgirls have fully developed breasts and pubic hair whereas only five percent ofwhite girls do. Blacks, on average, have an earlier first menstruation thanwhites, and Asians menstruate later than whites. In the United States, theaverage white woman is two full years older than the average black woman whenshe first has sexual intercourse, and Asians start having intercourse evenlater than whites.[13] Bone density and osteoporosis It has been found thatAfricans average greater skull thickness, compared with Europeans andAsians.[14] There are also other bone differences. Differences in bone densitybetween blacks and whites have been noted at a variety of ages and skeletalsites and remain even after adjusting for body mass (Pollitzer & Anderson,1989). Racial differences in bone begin even before birth. Divergence in thelength and weight of the bones of the black and white fetus is followed bygreater weight of the skeleton of black infants compared with white infants.Blacks have not only greater skeletal calcium content, but also greater totalbody potassium and muscle mass. These findings are important for osteoporosisand fractures, especially in elderly people.[15] Compared to Whites, the bonesof African-Americans are denser, and have a higher mineral content. Denserbones are found even in fetuses before birth, and this difference in densitycontinues throughout life. For this reason osteoporosis among the elderly isless common in blacks than in whites.[16] A Purdue University study foundCaucasian girls lose more calcium in their urine than African-American girls,although both groups lost calcium on a high-sodium diet. This may help explainwhy one in four Caucasians develop osteoporosis, whereas only one in 10African-Americans do.[17] Metabolic rates-Metabolic rates can differ markedlybetween races. A... biological reality is the difference in resting metabolicrate between black women and white women, which has been found in America. Alower metabolism generates less body heat, which is a useful trait in a hotclimate. However, it means that in a place like America, which has a plentifulfood supply, blacks are more likely to become obese.[18] Metabolic rates candiffer significantly among races. The higher the metabolic rate, the higher thethreshold for sensing cold. The Eskimo's metabolic rate is 15-30% higher thanthat of a European. Equatorial people have the lowest metabolism of all becausefewer calories are needed to keep their bodies warm.[19] Sportingabilities-Another interesting biological reality involves long-distancerunning. At the present time long-distance men's running events are dominatedby Blacks from the Elongate groups. ... Kenyans dominate long-distance events,and about three quarters of Kenya's top runners come from just one tribe, theKalenjin, who are only about ten percent of the population of Kenya. About 40percent of the top runners in men's medium and long-distance events come fromjust this one tribe.[20] In a speech before the British Association for theAdvancement of Science in 1995, Sir Roger Bannister, the distinguishedneurologist and retired Oxford dean was showered with ridicule for venturing hisopinion "as a scientist rather than a sociologist" that all athletesare not created equal. "I am prepared to risk politicalincorrectness," he said, "by drawing attention to the seeminglyobvious but under stressed fact that black sprinters and black athletes ingeneral all seem to have certain natural anatomical advantages." ... Whileeveryone readily accepts that evolution has turned out blacks with a geneticproclivity to contract sickle cell [anaemia] and Jews of European heritage whoare 100 times more likely than other populations to be afflicted with thedegenerative mental disease Tay-Sachs, it is widely perceived as racist tosuggest that blacks of West African ancestry have evolved into the world's bestsprinters, Asians among the best divers, East Africans the premier distancerunners, and whites the top weightlifters. ... Why do athletes of Africanancestry dominate running? Whereas the West African population evolved in thelowlands, East Africans (who are relatively slow sprinters but the world's bestdistance runners) trace their ancestry to mountainous terrain. Kenya, with 28million people, is the powerhouse. It is a genetic stew, with studiesindicating a mixture of genes from invading Arabs and Middle Easterners. Onetiny district, the Nandi, with only 500,000 people, sweeps an unfathomable 20percent of major international distance events, marking it as the greatestconcentration of raw athletic talent in the history of sports. At the SeoulOlympics in 1988, Kenya shocked the running world when it's top male runnerswon the 800m, 1500m and 5,000 meters, plus the 3,000-meter steeplechase. Basedon population percentages alone, the likelihood of such a performance is one in1.6 billion. The Kalenjins of the Great Rift Valley adjacent to Lake Victoria,a tribe of half a million people, win 40 percent of top international distancerunning honors - and three times as many distance medals as athletes from anyother nation in the world. ... Although there is no one genetically consistentAfrican population, the environment appears to have resulted in somecharacteristics shared across populations. Bouchard is persuaded that a largefraction of both West and East African blacks enjoy biological advantages forpower or sprint events and endurance activities, respectively. "WestAfricans have more of the key anaerobic enzymes in their skeletal muscle, thoseenzymes being responsible for regenerating the energy in the muscle cellthrough anaerobic pathways," wrote Bouchard. We are talking here about a two-folddifference between a significant fraction of blacks from West Africa and whitesfrom North America. East Africans, on the other hand, seem to have more abilityto mobilize the energy stored in adipose tissue in other body depots and to usethat energy for prolonged periods of exercise. The key point is that thesebiological characteristics are not unique to either West or East Africanblacks. These characteristics are seen in all populations, including whites.However, based on the limited number of studies available, there seems to bemore African Blacks with such characteristics than there are in otherpopulations. Considering the hotter-than-hot nature of the debate, it is notsurprising that the most balanced views originate with those outside the UnitedStates. "There is an environment in the US which prevents individuals fromeven talking about this topic," said Bouchard. "I do not feel thispressure at all here in Canada. We talk openly about this issue and treat it asa scientific matter. I believe that we need to look at the causes ofdifferences in performance between races as legitimately as we do when we studyor discuss differences in diseases between the various races. I have alwaysworked with the hypothesis that ignorance fosters prejudice. [Critical inquiry]is the greatest safeguard against prejudice."[21] Body structuredifferences likely account for the differential success of blacks at sportingevents. Blacks are disproportionately successful in sports involving runningand jumping but not at all successful at sports such as swimming. For examplein the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, blacks won every men's running race. Onthe other hand, no black swimmer has ever qualified for the U.S. Olympic swimteam. The bone density differences mentioned above may be a handicap forswimming. The physique and physiology of blacks may give them a geneticadvantage in running and jumping, as discussed in Runner's World by long timeeditor Amby Burfoot (1992). For example, blacks have less body fat, narrowerhips, thicker thighs, longer legs, and lighter calves. From a biomechanicalperspective, this is a useful package. Narrow hips allow for efficient,straight-ahead running. Strong quadricep muscles provide horsepower, and lightcalves reduce resistance. With respect to physiology, West Africans are foundto have significantly more fast-twitch fibers and anaerobic enzymes thanwhites. Fast-twitch muscle fibers are thought to confer an advantage inexplosive, short duration power events such as sprinting. East and SouthAfrican blacks, by contrast, have muscles that provide great endurance byproducing little lactic acid and other products of muscle fatigue. A number ofdirect performance studies have shown a distinct black superiority in simple physicaltasks such as running and jumping. Often, the subjects in these studies werevery young children who had no special training. Blacks also have asignificantly faster patellar tendon reflex time (the familiar knee-jerkresponse) than white students. Reflex time is obviously an important variablefor sports that require lightning reflexes. It would be interesting to know ifthe measures on which blacks performed best were the ones on which Orientalsperformed poorest, and vice versa. Do reflex times and percentage offast-twitch muscle show a racial gradient, and is it one opposite to that ofcognitive decision time? Is this ultimately a physiological tradeoff?[22]Despite being only about 12% of the population, blacks dominate professionalbasketball and football. Every major running record is held by someone ofAfrican descent. Even within the black population, differences in specificathletic abilities are apparent. East Africans excel at long distance runningwhile West Africans dominate the short distance races. In the 100m, the10-second barrier has been broken 134 times; in every case the runner was aWest African or someone of West African ancestry.[23] In the United States,where African Americans make up about 13 percent of the population, almost 90percent of professional basketball players, 70 percent of the National FootballLeague, and more than a third of professional baseball is black. In Britain,with a black population of less than 2 percent, one in 5 professionalfootballers is black. Blacks have also come to dominate world boxing. ... Tothe degree that this is a purely scientific debate, there is actually not muchdebate at all. "If you can believe that individuals of recent Africanancestry are not genetically advantaged over those of European and Asianancestry in certain athletic endeavors," declares University of Californiaat Berkeley biological anthropologist Vincent Sarich, "then you probablycould be led to believe just about anything. But such dominance will never convincethose whose minds are made up that genetics plays no role in shaping the racialpatterns we see in sports. When we discuss issues such as race, it pushesbuttons and the cerebral cortex just shuts down."[24] Smell-There areracial differences in the production of odor produced by the apocrine glands(J. R. Baker, 1974). These glands are associated with underarm and genital hairand become active when people are frightened or aroused. Blacks have more andlarger apocrine glands than Caucasians and Caucasians more than Orientals. TheSino-Japanese are very sensitive to smell and doctors specialize in treatmentfor body odors.[25] Apocrine glands, which produce scents that we commonlyrefer to as body odor, vary widely among the races. Asians have an extremelylow distribution of apocrines (Koreans are among the least odor-producingpeople on Earth - 50% of them have no apocrine glands at all). With regard toother races, blacks have a slightly higher distribution of apocrine glands thanwhites.[26] Ear wax-Ear wax among races is quite different. One of the mostaccurate ways to distinguish Asians from blacks and whites is to check fordifferences in ear wax. Asians produce dry, crumbly ear wax. Blacks and whitesproduce moist, adhesive ear wax.[27] Earwax comes in two types, wet and dry.The wet form predominates in Africa and Europe, where 97 percent or more of thepeople have it, and the dry form among East Asians, while populations ofSouthern and Central Asia are roughly half and half.[28] An international teamof researchers studied the genes of people from 33 populations across theworld. They found ethnicity affects which form of the gene people have, andtherefore their earwax type. ... Dry earwax is seen in up to 95% of EastAsians, but no more than 3% of people of European and African origin. In bothEuropeans and Africans, the wet type completely dominates. ... Armpit odour hasbeen linked to wet-type earwax. And since apocrine glands are also found in thebreast, there is a suggestion that a better understanding of how they workcould offer clues about how breast cancer develops.[29] Cerumen (Ear Wax). Thewaxy substance that accumulates in our ears has two different types that areunder the control of a pair of alleles. The wet, sticky wax is determined by a dominantallele whereas the wax of dry, flaky consistency is determined by a recessive.In addition to the stickiness or dryness, the waxes differ in their lipid (fat)content and in the quantity of antibodies that they contain. The ear wax typesvary throughout the world's populations. A majority of Asians (80 to 90percent) have the dry type, in contrast to Europeans and Africans, who usuallyhave the wet ear wax. Among Asians and populations of Asian descent, though,there is a cline of variation that correlates with temperature. Dry ear wax isfrequent in northern Asian populations while the wet type is found more oftenamong tropical populations in both Asia and the Americas. For example, 93percent of Mayan Indians in the Yucatan of southern Mexico have the wet type ofear wax. Because of this clinal distribution and because of lipid and antibodydifferences, there is a probability that wet ear wax may serve some protectivefunction in hot, humid climes. However, there is no conclusive evidence.[30] Voicemodulation-Blacks have deeper voices than whites. In one study, Hudson andHolbrook (1982) gave a reading task to 100 black men and 100 black womenvolunteers ranging in age from 18 to 29 years. The fundamental vocalfrequencies were measured and compared to white norms. The frequency for blackmen was 110 Hz, lower than the 117 Hz for white men, and the frequency forblack women was 193 Hz, lower than the frequency of 217 Hz for white women.[31]Hearing-Black adults hear better than white adults, a government study found.The study also found that women hear better than men. ... Previous researchreached similar findings about racial and sex differences, but the new study byscientists with the federal National Institute for Occupational Safety and Healthwas the largest national sample to report such a finding, experts in acousticssaid. The racial difference may be related to melanin, a skin pigment. Somescientists believe black people's larger amounts of melanin protect them fromnoise-induced hearing loss as the years go by, study researcher William Murphysaid. Scientists suspect melanin plays a role in how the body removes harmfulchemical compounds caused by damage to the sensitive hair cells in the innerear.[32] Self-esteem-African American youth have higher general self-esteemthan whites or Orientals. ... African American groups have consistently morepositive scores on the majority of specific self-belief indices, particularlyregarding appearance and attractiveness but also including competence inreading, science, and social studies (but not mathematics), despite their lowerself-reported (and actual) academic achievement. The only beliefs in which theblacks scored lower than the whites were those that reflected self-efficacy andcontrol of events that happened to self. Many results now confirm Hare's(1985:41) conclusion that "African American adolescents can be theorizedto be feeling relatively better, but doing relatively worse, lending importanceto study of the sources as well as the levels of self-esteem" (hisitalics). Nyborg (1994) proposes that self-esteem is partly a function ofsteroid action and that African-Americans have more testosterone thanwhites.[33] Short-sightedness-Myopia, also known as nearsightedness or shortsight is a condition where near objects are seen clearly but distant objectsappear blurred. ... There are considerable racial differences of myopiamagnitude and prevalence (Garner 1999; Lin 1999; Maul 2000; Voo 1998; Zhan2000). The prevalence and magnitude of myopia are typically greater in Asiathan other parts of the world (Lin 1999; Zhan 2000). ... Evidence that myopiais genetically determined comes from studies of twins and studies of parentsand their children. Twins with similar genetic material had more similarrefractive errors than twins with dissimilar genetic material. Maximumlikelihood models estimated greater genetic effects than environmental effectsfor myopia (Chen 1985; Hammond 2001).[34] Brain usage A study of the areas ofthe brain used by Chinese in solving mathematic questions showed that theChinese used different areas of the brain compared to Westerners. Things add updifferently for native English speakers compared with people who learnedChinese as a first language. Simple arithmetic was easily done by both groups,but they used different parts of the brain, a new study shows. Researchers usedbrain imaging to see which parts of the brain were active while people didsimple addition problems, such as 3 plus 4 equals 7. All participants wereworking with Arabic numerals which are used in both cultures. Both groupsengaged a portion of the brain called the inferior parietal cortex, which isinvolved in quantity representation and reading. But native English speakersalso showed activity in a language processing area of the brain, while nativeChinese speakers used a brain region involved in the processing of visualinformation, according to the report in Tuesday's issue of Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences The difference "may mean that Chinesespeakers perform problems in a different manner than do English speakers,"said lead author Yiyuan Tang of Dalian University of Technology in Dalian,China. ... Richard E. Nisbett, co-director of the Culture and Cognition Programat the University of Michigan, said "the work is important because ittells us something about the particular pathways in the brain that underliesome of the differences between Asians and Westerners in thoughtpatterns." ... "They literally are seeing the world differently,"he said. The new work extends his findings, Nisbett said, "in that itindicates that the reasoning differences that we find between Asians andWesterners are really quite deep."[35] The question is whether this is acultural trait, due to language, or whether it is a racial trait, due togenetics; this could be determined by a comparison of Chinese fromEnglish-speaking families (for example, from those present in the USA forseveral generations) and of those from Chinese-speaking families. Brain evolutionRecent research has revealed evidence of evolution in brains, especiallyamongst people from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, but not so prevalent inthose from sub-Saharan Africa. Last September, Bruce Lahn, a professor of humangenetics at the University of Chicago, stood before a packed lecture hall andreported the results of a new DNA analysis: He had found signs of recentevolution in the brains of some people, but not of others. It was a triumphantmoment for the young scientist. He was up for tenure and his research was beingfeatured in back-to-back articles in the country's most prestigious sciencejournal. Yet today, Dr. Lahn says he is moving away from the research."It's getting too controversial," he says. Dr. Lahn had touched a rawnerve in science: race and intelligence. What Dr. Lahn told his audience wasthat genetic changes over the past several thousand years might be linked tobrain size and intelligence. He flashed maps that showed the changes had takenhold and spread widely in Europe, Asia and the Americas, but weren't common insub-Saharan Africa. ... More recently, Dr. Lahn says he was moved when astudent asked him whether some knowledge might not be worth having. It is anotion to which he has been warming.[36] Intelligence- Interestingly, manyMulticulturalists are comfortable with recognising that Asians are better atmathematics (although they ascribe this to "culture") and Africansare better at sprinting, but become outraged when faced with scientific proof ofracial differences in IQ scores. Multiculturalists try to fight the issue ofgenetically determined intelligence by issuing a variety of desperate claims.Some have tried to claim that intelligence can't be measured, but studies haveactually shown that IQ can be measured. The measurements may not be as exactas, for instance, measuring rainfall, but they are substantially accurate.People of low intelligence consistently score low in IQ tests, whilst people ofhigh intelligence consistently score high in IQ tests - this wouldn't happen ifIQ tests were inaccurate. Some have tried to claim that IQ doesn't matter inthe "real world", but it has been shown that higher-level employmentcorrelates with high-IQ scores, and studies of leaders in academia and businessshow that such people generally score high in IQ tests.[37] That intelligenceis largely genetically determined is easily proven by reference to studies ofidentical twins, in particular of identical twins raised apart. Correlationsbetween identical twins by age 6 to age 15 emerge at a much higher rate thancorrelations between non-identical twins. Studies have shown that the IQ ofnon-identical twins (and of siblings) is closer together than that of randomlymatched people, and that the IQ of identical twins is even closer together -notably, this includes the IQ of twins raised apart, such as twins that wereadopted out to different families, and who had therefore been raised indifferent environments.[38] If the environment was the only factor in producingintelligence, then the IQ of twins raised apart should be no closer togetherthan that of randomly matched people, but studies of the IQ of twins raisedapart have instead shown that intelligence is indeed largely geneticallydetermined, with a heritability estimate of approximately 70% from four studiesof mainly middle-aged adults. The heritability of intelligence is shown to bebetween 40% and 80% depending upon age, with the heritability of cognitiveability being revealed more with the increasing age of test subjects. Ifgenetics had no impact upon intelligence, then environment would have aninfluence of 100% and the genetic influence would be 0%.[39] Professor Linda S.Gottfredson reports that Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins,published in the past decade by a group led by Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., of theUniversity of Minnesota and other scholars, show that about 40 percent of IQdifferences among preschoolers stems from genetic differences but thatheritability rises to 60 percent by adolescence and to 80 percent by lateadulthood. With age, differences among individuals in their developedintelligence come to mirror more closely their genetic differences. It appearsthat the effects of environment on intelligence fade rather than grow withtime. In hindsight, perhaps this should have come as no surprise. Youngchildren have the circumstances of their lives imposed on them by parents,schools and other agents of society, but as people get older they become moreindependent and tend to seek out the life niches that are most congenial totheir genetic proclivities. ... Research has shown that although sharedenvironments do have a modest influence on IQ in childhood, their effectsdissipate by adolescence. The IQs of adopted children, for example, lose allresemblance to those of their adoptive family members and become more like theIQs of the biological parents they have never known.[40] The Report of a TaskForce established by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the AmericanPsychological Association says The correlation between MZ twins [identicaltwins] reared apart, which directly estimates h2 [heritability], ranged from.68 to .78 in five studies involving adult samples from Europe and the U.S.(McGue et al., 1993). The correlation between unrelated children rearedtogether in adoptive families, which directly estimates c2[between-familyvariance], was approximately zero for adolescents in two adoption studies(Scarr & Weinberg, 1978; Loehlin, Horn, & Willerman, 1989) and .19 in athird (the Minnesota transracial adoption study: Scarr, Weinberg & Waldman,1993).[41] Thomas Jackson, in his review of Race, considers the role ofintelligence in racial differences: Intelligence is, of course, one of the mostcrucial race differences, and Prof. Sarich and Mr. Miele are not afraid to takeit up. They review the findings of racial differences in brain size, notingthat it has a 0.4 correlation with tested intelligence. They point out thatindividuals can vary in brain size by as much as 400 cc - the size of achimpanzee brain. There are races that differ in average brain size by 300 cc,and show corresponding differences in average intelligence. Some have arguedthat there cannot be racial differences in intelligence because it is a crucialaspect of humanity to which all groups would have devoted equal evolutionaryeffort. This is silly. The authors point out that in terms of metabolic cost,brain tissue is very expensive, so brains would have grown only as a result oftradeoffs with maturation time, size of the birth canal, diversion of bloodsupply away from other organs, and a host of other factors. It would have beenastonishing if all these tradeoffs had turned out identically in populationsthat show so many other differences. Evolution in brain size - and intelligence- has been very rapid, and was possible only because there is so much variationin these traits. There is variation not just between individuals but betweenraces. Any thorough racial comparison of IQ runs up against the finding thatsub-Saharan Africans have an average of 75. Is the continent really populatedby the retarded? Prof. Sarich and Mr. Miele point out that in whitepopulations, an IQ this low is usually only one of several serious defects thatleave a person incapable of leading a normal life. However, among Africans, IQsof 70 or even lower are simply the result of normal distribution, and can befound among people who are otherwise normal. An IQ of 75 is, as Race pointsout, the mental equivalent of a 12-year-old. Twelve-year-olds can drive carsand some can even fix them. Twelve-year-olds can do arithmetic and followreasonably complex instructions. What they cannot do is run a modern society.As the authors point out, an intelligent population can tolerate a certain numberof low-IQ people, but once they reach a certain proportion, the quality andtexture of life change completely. This is what we find in many Third-Worldcountries and in those parts of the United States where blacks or Hispanics aredominant.[42] Jared Taylor, in his review of Race, Evolution, and Behavior byProfessor J. Philippe Rushton of the University of Western Ontario, alsodescribes genetic and racial differences in intelligence: Some of the moststartling and convincing data on the relative influences of genes vs.environment come from studies of identical twins who were separated at birthand reared apart. Identical twins come from a single egg that splits in two;the twins are genetically identical. Fraternal twins are produced by a double ovulationand are no more genetically alike than ordinary siblings. (Unlike fraternaltwinning rates, there are no racial differences in the frequencies of identicaltwinning.) The crucial finding is that identical twins"-cont. Read more-Welose everything from not having filthy lucre money to pay our mortgage. Neversign a mortgage, you're just making the banks rich and the banks don't pay itback, you do. Ultimately, is designed to take your home & all your propertywhenever they can. http://www.ironbarkresources.com/defendingfreespeech/dfs05racescience.htm